Economists are notorious in their opposition to subsidized industry unless the market, left to its own dang self, generates a market failure, such as positive externalities. Why so?
The answer can be developed from a simple demand and supply analysis. On the right is a market diagram where the brown colored price and quantity represents initial market equilibrium. The welfare (or well-being) generated from this market is represented by consumer surplus[1] and producer surplus[2]:
- Consumer surplus = a + b
- Producer surplus = e + i
A government subsidy can be used to reduce the costs of production and increase supply. If the subsidy is equal to the difference between P" and P' then the supply curve will shift from S to S'. At the new supply curve the price will fall to P' and quantity produced and purchased will be Q'. In this way green energy production can be encouraged by government.
Benefit-Cost Analysis
The benefits and costs of the subsidy can be assessed by changes in consumer surplus and producer surplus. Since price falls and quantity increases consumers of green energy are made better off:
- Change in consumer surplus = e + f + g
The price that business firms receive increases since the seller's price is equal to market price (P') plus the subsidy (P" - P'). Since the seller's price rises and quantity sold rises producers of green energy are made better off:
- Change in producer surplus = b + c
So, considering simply the market impacts the subsidy looks like a great idea. However, the government sector is involved as well. The cost of the subsidy to the government and tax payers is equal to the product of the subsidy payment (P" - P') and the number of units the subsidy is applied to (Q'):
- Subsidy payment = b + c + d + e + f + g + h
The overall affect on welfare is the difference between the benefits of the policy and the costs:
- Net benefits equal change in consumer surplus plus change in producer surplus minus subsidy payment = -(d + h) < 0
The overall net benefits of a subsidy are negative. In other words, the gains to the market participants are worth less than the cost to taxpayers. Subsidies are inefficient.
On the other hand, if green energy use helps avoid some environmental pollution, then the positive externalities associated with the supply shift (i.e., avoiding the negative externalities in the polluting market, see below) might make the subsidy payments worthwhile in terms of efficiency. This requires further analysis but the basic conclusion is that it is less expensive (i.e., more efficient) to tackle the negative externalities head on with a tax or cap-and-trade than to deal with them indirectly in the market for green substitutes.
General Equilibrium Analysis
Suppose the increase in market quantity leads to an increase in the number of employed persons (e.g., "5 million green jobs"). This is a grand outcome, right? However, on second thought, the increase in consumption in the green energy market comes at the expense of energy consumption in substitute energy markets.
More can be learned about the overall impact of green subsidies on the economy with a "general equilibrium" analysis (i.e., considering the effects of a policy on more than one market at a time).
The increased supply in the above diagram lowers the price of green energy and results in an increase in quantity demanded of green energy. Unless consumers decide to increase their overall use of energy products (and they might ...) then the demand for brown energy (i.e., coal and oil) will decrease resulting in a decrease in price and a decrease in quantity (see the second figure to the right). The number of brown jobs in the energy sector falls as a result of the reduction in quantity produced and consumed.
Since both the prices of green and brown energy fall, the total amount of energy used may increase. If so, the total number of jobs in the energy sector may increase. But energy demand is inelastic (e.g., I'm not inclined to leave my lights on all day and night if electricity is cheap) so the total positive impact might be small. My guess is that the overall impact on the number of jobs is insignificant in the context of a 300 million person economy.
But, is this what we are after? An increase in energy use? Not me. I'd prefer a decrease in the amount of energy use (conservation and all that). In order to achieve a decrease in energy use we should tackle the negative externalities of brown energy directly with pollution taxes and/or cap-and-trade. Luckily, these policies are cheaper overall than green subsidies and result in the same environmental outcome.
[In other words, the "green jobs" rationale for green subsidies is largely bogus. Environmental policy can change the mix of jobs but not the overall number of jobs. An economy can become greener with government policy. Green government fiscal policy doesn't create jobs in the long run. I've yet to see any real empirical evidence (economic impact studies don't count) that it does.]
Conclusion
This MUST be the explanation for why one misunderstood economist at the environmental economics blog can't stand the green jobs argument but insists that green subsidies might be justified on the microeconomic, efficiency argument. However, he prefers avoiding the subsidies altogether with policies that penalize pollution.
Notes:
[1] Consumer surplus is the difference between the height of the demand curve (i.e., willingness to pay and).
[2] Producer surplus is the difference between the price (i.e., per unit revenue) and the height of the supply curve (i.e., marginal cost). Producer surplus is equivalent to profit minus the fixed costs of production (i.e., rent, debt payments, etc).
